Ghost Towns of the Ganga: Geoarchaeological Evidence of 12th-Century Urban Collapse in Varanasi

New sediment core data from the banks of the Kashi Vishwanath temple axis contradicts the narrative of continuous settlement, pointing instead to a catastrophic 17th-century flood that buried three layers of medieval housing. These stratified 'ghost layers' reveal how environmental volatility, not just political upheaval, rewrote the urban map of one of the world's oldest cities.

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