The Ledger of Retribution: Accounting for Karma in the Pali Canon vs. Upanishadic Metaphysics

While popular culture treats karma as a vague cosmic balance, early Buddhist texts describe it as a rigorous psychological mechanism of volition (cetanā) that deviates from the Brahmanical concept of ritual causality. This analysis juxtaposes the *Cūḷakammavibhaṅga Sutta* with the *Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad* to reveal how the shift from ritual action to mental intent fundamentally altered the ethical landscape of Indian thought.

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