The Epistemology of Error: How Nyāya's Tarka Challenges Modern Formal Logic

While Western logic often treats contradiction as absolute failure, the Nyāya school’s concept of tarka permits 'suspended judgment' as a valid epistemic state during investigation. By analyzing the siddhasantani process, we uncover a framework for handling ambiguity that anticipates paraconsistent logics by two millennia, offering a crucial tool for navigating information overload in the digital age.

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