anātmayena sarvatra bhūteṣu paripaśyati yat-ātmaṁ saḥ iha na lipyate ātmā satataṁ

saḥ (he) anātmayena (by the non-self) sarvatra (everywhere) bhūteṣu (in beings) yat-ātmaṁ (what is the Self) paripaśyati (sees),saḥ (that) ātmā (Self) iha (here) satataṁ (always) na lipyate (is not tainted)

Advaita Vedānta (Ādi Śaṅkarācārya): In his commentary on the Bhagavad Gītā, Śaṅkarācārya interprets this verse as highlighting the non-dual nature of reality. He explains that the one who sees inaction in action and action in inaction is the one who has transcended the dualistic perception of the world. This verse points to the brahman-ātman identity, where the individual self (ātman) is ultimately one with the universal reality (brahman). Śaṅkarācārya cites the example of a person who is sleeping, yet their body is still performing certain functions, illustrating how action and inaction can coexist. He argues that the wise person sees beyond the surface level of reality and recognizes the ultimate unity of all existence, unencumbered by the limitations of the ego. This understanding leads to liberation, as one is no longer bound by the cycle of action and reaction.

Vaiṣṇava tradition (Rāmānujācārya): Rāmānujācārya, in his commentary on the Bhagavad Gītā, emphasizes the devotional aspect of this verse. He explains that the one who sees inaction in action and action in inaction is the devotee who has surrendered to the will of Īśvara (the Supreme Lord). This verse highlights the relationship between the jīva (individual soul) and Īśvara, where the jīva recognizes its dependence on Īśvara and acknowledges that all actions are ultimately a manifestation of Īśvara's will. Rāmānujācārya cites the example of a servant who performs their duties without attachment, illustrating how the devotee can engage in worldly activities while maintaining a sense of detachment and devotion to Īśvara. This understanding leads to a deep sense of faith and surrender, as the devotee recognizes that their actions are not their own, but rather a part of the larger divine plan.

Neo-Vedānta (Swami Vivekānanda): Swami Vivekānanda, in his lectures on the Bhagavad Gītā, interprets this verse as a call to action, emphasizing the importance of selfless work and the cultivation of a sense of detachment. He explains that the one who sees inaction in action and action in inaction is the person who has learned to balance their inner and outer life, engaging in worldly activities while maintaining a sense of inner calm and equanimity. Vivekānanda argues that this verse has universal applicability, as it encourages individuals to approach their daily tasks with a sense of purpose and detachment, recognizing that all actions are ultimately interconnected and part of a larger whole. In his speech 'The Message of the Upanishads,' Vivekānanda cites this verse as an example of the Upanishads' emphasis on the importance of balance and harmony in life, highlighting the need to integrate the inner and outer aspects of human existence.

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