na hi duḥkhena sarvadā sarve vā sukhinaḥ sarvadā .
“Not everyone is always in pain, nor is everyone always happy.”
Structure
na hi duḥkheṇa sarvadā sarve vā sukhinaḥ sarvadā
na hi sarvadā duḥkheṇa sarve vā sarvadā sukhinaḥ
Word-by-Word Grammar
| Word | IAST | Type | Grammar | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| na | na | indeclinable | — | not |
| hi | hi | indeclinable | — | for, indeed |
| duḥkheṇa | duḥkheṇa | noun | instrumental · singular · neuter | with suffering |
| sarvadā | sarvadā | indeclinable | — | always |
| sarve | sarve | noun | nominative · plural · masculine | all |
| vā | vā | indeclinable | — | or |
| sukhinaḥ | sukhinaḥ | noun | nominative · plural · masculine | happy ones |
| sarvadā | sarvadā | indeclinable | — | always |
Scholarly Commentary
Advaita Vedānta (Ādi Śaṅkarācārya): This verse underscores the impermanence of human experiences, highlighting that neither suffering nor happiness is a constant state for anyone. In his commentary on the Brahma Sutras, Shankara notes that such fluctuations in human experience point to the ephemeral nature of the phenomenal world. He argues that the ultimate reality, Brahman, is beyond these dualities, emphasizing the non-dual (advaita) nature of the universe. The identity of Brahman and Ātman (the individual self) is central to understanding this verse, as it suggests that true freedom from the cycles of suffering and happiness lies in realizing this fundamental identity. Through this realization, one transcends the limited and changing world of human experiences, achieving a state of liberation (moksha). Shankara's interpretation encourages a deep introspection into the nature of reality, guiding the seeker towards the understanding that their true essence is not bound by the fleeting states of pleasure or pain.
Vaiṣṇava tradition (Rāmānujācārya / Madhvācārya): The Vaiṣṇava tradition, with its emphasis on devotion and the personal deity, offers a distinct perspective on this verse. Rāmānujācārya, for instance, would likely interpret this verse as highlighting the importance of dependence on a higher power, Īśvara, for achieving lasting happiness. According to Rāmānuja, the jīva (individual soul) is in a state of subservience to Īśvara, and recognizing this relationship is crucial for navigating the oscillations between happiness and suffering. In his Śrī Bhāṣya, Rāmānuja discusses the concept of 'prasāda' (grace), which can mitigate human suffering. This verse, in the Vaiṣṇava view, underscores the need for a devotional approach, seeking refuge in the divine to escape the unpredictability of worldly experiences. Madhvācārya, on the other hand, with his emphasis on the difference between the soul and God, might see this verse as a call to recognize the dependence of all beings on Viṣṇu for their well-being, advocating for a life of devotion and surrender to transcend suffering.
Neo-Vedānta (Swami Vivekānanda / S. Rādhākrishnan): This verse is imbued with a profound practical wisdom that resonates deeply with modern life. Swami Vivekānanda, in his lectures and writings, often emphasized the importance of cultivating inner strength and stability amidst life's uncertainties. He would likely view this verse as a reminder that true peace and happiness are not external states but internal attainments, accessible through the practice of yoga and self-discipline. Vivekānanda's teachings stress the universal applicability of Vedāntic principles, suggesting that regardless of one's background or beliefs, the pursuit of self-realization and the cultivation of a balanced, compassionate life are essential for navigating life's challenges. Similarly, S. Radhakrishnan, in his philosophical works, highlighted the relevance of Vedāntic thought to contemporary issues, including the quest for meaning and happiness in a rapidly changing world. This verse, in the Neo-Vedānta perspective, serves as a call to seek a deeper, more enduring sense of fulfillment, one that is rooted in an understanding of one's true nature and place within the larger universe.