yaḥ tu sarvāṇi bhūtāni ātmani eva anupaśyati

yaḥ (who) tu (indeed) sarvāṇi (all) bhūtāni (beings) ātmani (in the self) eva (alone) anupaśyati (sees)

Advaita Vedānta (Ādi Śaṅkarācārya): This verse from the Kaṭhopaniṣad underscores the non-dual nature of reality, where the distinction between the individual self (ātman) and the universal self (Brahman) is transcended. Śaṅkarācārya, in his commentary on the Kaṭhopaniṣad, emphasizes that the realization of ātman as the essence of all beings leads to the understanding of Brahman, the ultimate reality. He argues that this verse points to the brahman-ātman identity, where the individual self is not separate from the universal self. By seeing all beings in the Self alone, one realizes the oneness of existence, negating the perception of duality and separation. This understanding is crucial for the attainment of liberation (mokṣa), as it leads to the dissolution of the ego and the realization of the true nature of reality. In his commentary on the Brahma Sūtras, Śaṅkarācārya further elucidates this concept, reinforcing the idea that the ultimate goal of Vedānta is to realize the non-dual nature of Brahman and ātman.

Vaiṣṇava tradition (Rāmānujācārya / Madhvācārya): The Vaiṣṇava tradition interprets this verse in the context of the relationship between the individual self (jīva) and the Supreme Lord (Īśvara). Rāmānujācārya, in his commentary on the Kaṭhopaniṣad, emphasizes that the jīva, though dependent on Īśvara, is intimately connected with the Supreme. Seeing all beings in the Self alone implies recognizing the inherent divinity in all existence, which is a manifestation of the Lord's omnipresence. This verse, according to Rāmānujācārya, underscores the concept of viśiṣṭādvaita, or qualified non-dualism, where the distinction between the jīva and Īśvara is maintained while acknowledging their inseparable relationship. Madhvācārya, on the other hand, interprets this verse as highlighting the distinction between the jīva and the Supreme, emphasizing the dependence of the individual self on the Lord. Both Rāmānujācārya and Madhvācārya agree, however, that this verse encourages a devotional attitude towards the Supreme, cultivating a sense of reverence and humility in the face of the divine.

Neo-Vedānta (Swami Vivekānanda / S. Rādhākrishnan): This verse from the Kaṭhopaniṣad holds profound significance for contemporary life, as it underscores the universal principle of interconnectedness and oneness. Swami Vivekānanda, in his lectures on the Upaniṣads, emphasizes the practical application of this verse, encouraging individuals to cultivate a sense of empathy and compassion towards all beings. By recognizing the inherent divinity in every individual, one can transcend the boundaries of ego and separation, realizing the unity of existence. S. Rādhākrishnan, in his exposition of the Kaṭhopaniṣad, further highlights the social and ethical implications of this verse, arguing that it provides a foundation for a more harmonious and equitable society. In his writings, Radhakrishnan emphasizes the need for individuals to recognize their place within the larger web of existence, fostering a sense of responsibility and cooperation towards the common good. This verse, in the context of modern life, encourages individuals to adopt a holistic and inclusive approach, acknowledging the intricate relationships between human beings, nature, and the universe as a whole.

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