ātmā vā idaṃ sarvam yad draśyate śrūyate ca

ātmā (self) vā (or) idaṃ (this) sarvam (all) yad (what) draśyate (is seen) śrūyate (is heard) ca (and)

Advaita Vedānta (Ādi Śaṅkarācārya): In his commentary on the Māṇḍūkyopaniṣad, Śaṅkarācārya interprets this verse as a clear affirmation of the non-dual nature of reality, where the ultimate reality, Brahman, is identified with the individual self, Ātman. Śaṅkarācārya argues that the phrase 'ātmā vā idaṃ sarvam' implies that the Self is not just a part of the universe, but the universe itself. This understanding is central to Advaita Vedānta, highlighting the illusory nature of the distinctions between the individual self and the ultimate reality. The verse, therefore, points to the fundamental identity between Brahman and Ātman, underscoring the non-dualistic worldview that characterizes Advaita philosophy. Śaṅkarācārya's commentary on this verse emphasizes the importance of realizing this identity to attain liberation from the cycle of birth and death.

Vaiṣṇava tradition (Rāmānujācārya / Madhvācārya): Rāmānujācārya, in his commentary on the Upaniṣads, views this verse as an affirmation of the dependent relationship between the jīva (individual self) and Īśvara (the Supreme Lord). According to Rāmānuja, the phrase 'ātmā vā idaṃ sarvam' suggests that the individual self is an integral part of the universe, which is itself a manifestation of the Supreme Lord. This verse, therefore, underscores the importance of recognizing the divine presence in all aspects of creation, leading to a deeper devotional relationship between the jīva and Īśvara. In contrast, Madhvācārya might interpret this verse with a greater emphasis on the distinction between the individual self and the Supreme Lord, highlighting the dependent and subordinate nature of the jīva in relation to Īśvara. Both interpretations, however, emphasize the central role of devotion and the recognition of the divine in understanding the nature of reality.

Neo-Vedānta (Swami Vivekānanda / S. Rādhākrishnan): Swami Vivekānanda, in his lectures and writings, often emphasized the universal and practical application of Upaniṣadic teachings. Regarding this verse, he might argue that it points to the inherent unity and interconnectedness of all existence, emphasizing that the Self is not just an individual entity but is, in fact, the essence of the universe. This understanding, according to Vivekānanda, has profound implications for modern life, encouraging a sense of cosmic unity and responsibility. Similarly, S. Rādhākrishnan, in his philosophical works, highlighted the importance of integrating the insights of the Upaniṣads into contemporary life, suggesting that this verse can inspire a more holistic and inclusive worldview. By recognizing the Self in all, individuals can transcend petty divisions and work towards a more harmonious and peaceful world, reflecting the universal ideals of Vedāntic philosophy.

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