tataḥ śveta-uttaraḥ pārthaḥ viddhyasi śikhara-agraḥ

tataḥ (then) pārthaḥ (son of Prthā) śveta-uttaraḥ (with a white horse on the northern side) viddhyasi (you are pierced or situated) śikhara-agraḥ (on the top of the mountain peak)

Advaita Vedānta (Ādi Śaṅkarācārya): In this verse, the shooting of the white-feathered arrow by Pārtha symbolizes the transcendence of the individual self (jīva) towards the ultimate reality (Brahman). Śaṅkarācārya, in his commentary on the Brahma Sūtra, emphasizes the non-dual nature of reality, where the distinctions between the individual self and the ultimate reality are transcended. The image of the arrow piercing the target on its top represents the direct experience of Brahman, unobstructed by the limitations of the individual ego. This verse, in the context of the Mahābhārata, indicates that the pursuit of spiritual knowledge (jñāna) culminates in the realization of the unity of Brahman and ātman, where the distinctions between the shooter, the arrow, and the target are dissolved. As Śaṅkara notes in his Upadeśasāhasrī, this unity is the ultimate goal of all spiritual endeavor, and this verse from the Mahābhārata illustrates the moment of achieving that goal.

Vaiṣṇava tradition (Rāmānujācārya / Madhvācārya): The act of Pārtha shooting the white-feathered arrow and piercing the target can be seen as an allegory for the bhakta's (devotee's) journey towards union with Īśvara (the Lord). In the Vaiṣṇava tradition, particularly in the thought of Rāmānujācārya, the relationship between the jīva (individual self) and Īśvara is one of loving dependence and surrender. The arrow represents the devotee's prayers and efforts (sādhanā) aimed at reaching the Lord. The white feather signifies purity and detachment, essential qualities for the bhakta. The target, pierced on its top, symbolizes the heights of spiritual achievement where the devotee experiences a direct and intimate connection with the Divine. Madhvācārya, in his Dvaita philosophy, might interpret this verse as highlighting the distinction between the jīva and Īśvara, emphasizing that the arrow and the target, though connected in the act of piercing, remain distinct entities, illustrating the reality of the devotee's dependence on the grace of the Lord for spiritual enlightenment.

Neo-Vedānta (Swami Vivekānanda / S. Rādhākrishnan): This verse from the Mahābhārata offers a profound lesson in the application of one's potential for achieving great heights. Swami Vivekānanda often emphasized the importance of self-confidence, perseverance, and focus in his lectures. The image of Pārtha shooting the white-feathered arrow and hitting the target on its top can be seen as a metaphor for overcoming challenges and achieving success through determination and the right mindset. Vivekānanda, in his discussions on the practical applications of Vedānta, would likely interpret this verse as an encouragement for individuals to strive for excellence, aiming high and working diligently towards their goals, unencumbered by doubts or limitations. Similarly, S. Radhakrishnan, in his philosophical writings, might view this verse as illustrating the concept of 'man's infinite potential,' where through self-discipline, concentration, and the cultivation of the inner strength symbolized by the arrow, one can transcend ordinary accomplishments and reach extraordinary heights, symbolizing the human capacity for achieving greatness.

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